[Prevention of pertussis in newborns: Should pregnant women be vaccinated at each pregnancy?] / Prévention de la coqueluche chez le nouveau-né : faut-il vacciner les femmes enceintes à chaque grossesse ?

Pertussis is a respiratory disease that can be fatal at all ages but especially in infants before their mandatory vaccination. Recent epidemiological data shows a decrease in the number of pertussis cases, but a resurgence cannot be excluded in the coming years due to the cyclic evolution of the disease and the loosening of hygiene measures. Two approaches are used to protect infants before their vaccination: vaccination of the mother during pregnancy and vaccination of all the infant's close relatives (cocooning). The vaccination of the mother during pregnancy is more effective. The uncertain risk of chorioamniotitis associated with vaccination during pregnancy is insufficient to question this strategy.

Analysis of the time series of pertussis in Brazil from 2010 to 2019 / Análise da série temporal da coqueluche no Brasil no período de 2010 a 2019

Abstract Objectives: to analyze a decade of spatio-temporal behavior of pertussis in Brazil and its epidemiological characteristics. Methods: ecological time series study of pertussis cases and deaths from the Notifable Diseases Information System in Brazil (2010-2019). The method of generalized linear analysis of Prais-Winsten and the Kernel analysis were used. Results: 32,849 cases were reported, of which 466 (1.42%) evolved to death, with a prevalence of 1.63/100,000 inhabitants and a mortality rate of 0.023/100,000 inhabitants. In the temporal analysis, the cyclical behavior of pertussis was evidenced, with trend variations in the period in 2014. Most cases occurred in children under 1 year of age (60.16%, p<0.01), sex female (55.28%, p=0.066) and white (48.42%, p=0.14). The largest share of deaths was in children aged <1 year (98.07, p<0.01), females (56.01%, p=0.066) and whites (43.78%, p=0.14). In the Kernel of prevalence, the South, Southeast and Northeast regions stood out with high density; while for mortality, the Southeast and Northeast stood out. Conclusions: the cyclical behavior of pertussis was observed, with a decreasing trend in recent years and the concentration of cases in children. This reinforces the importance of strengthening the population's immunization process.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar uma década do comportamento espaço-temporal da coqueluche no Brasil e as suas características epidemiológicas. Métodos: estudo ecológico de série temporal dos casos e óbitos por coqueluche do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação no Brasil (2010-2019). Utilizou-se o método de análise linear generalizada de Prais-Winsten e a análise de Kernel. Resultados: notificaram-se 32.849 casos, desses 466 (1,42%) evoluíram para óbito, com prevalência de 1,63/100.000 habitantes e coeficiente de mortalidade de 0,023/100.000 habitantes. Na análise temporal, evidenciou-se o comportamento cíclico da coqueluche com variações de tendência no período em 2014. A maioria dos casos ocorreu em menores de 1 ano (60,16%, p<0,01), sexo feminino (55,28%, p=0,066) e brancos (48,42%, p=0,14). A maior parcela dos óbitos foi em crianças <1 ano (98,07, p<0,01), sexo feminino (56,01%, p=0,066) e brancos (43,78%, p=0,14). No Kernel da prevalência, destacaram-se as regiões Sul, Sudeste e Nordeste com alta densidade; enquanto para mortalidade, sobressaíram-se Sudeste e Nordeste. Conclusão: observou-se o comportamento cíclico da coqueluche, com tendência de decréscimo nos últimos anos e a concentração de casos no público infantil. O que reforça a importância de fortalecer o processo de imunização da população.

[Should French pregnant women be vaccinated against pertussis during pregnancy?] / Faut-il vacciner les femmes enceintes françaises contre la coqueluche ?

Many countries with a high perinatal level have started a policy of vaccination of pregnant women against pertussis. To date, France has not chosen this policy. The objective was to review knowledge on pertussis mortality in infants. Compare the strategies available to protect the infant before his first vaccination, scheduled for two months of age. We proceeded to a litterature analysis, from January 1998 to 2021. Search by the following keywords used ; "Whooping cough, vaccination, pregnancy, strategy, cocooning", on the scientific basis of "Pubmed", as well as French and foreign vaccination recommendations. Currently 90% of whooping cough deaths are concerning infants under six months of age and this mortality represents 2% of mortality in the first year of life. Vaccination at birth is not effective. The cocooning strategy, which consists of vaccinating those around the child, is expensive and difficult to implement. A systematic vaccination policy for pregnant women is effective and reasonably expensive when compared to the cocooning strategy. In England, it was recently accompanied by a 78% reduction in confirmed cases of pertussis in infants under six months of age. In conclusion, compared to cocooning strategy, pertussis vaccination of pregnant women appears more effective and cost-effective, and this with each pregnancy.

Incidência de coqueluche em crianças menores de 1 ano e relação com a vacinação materna no Brasil, 2008 a 2018 / Incidencia de tos ferina en niños menores de 1 año y relación con la vacunación materna en Brasil, 2008 a 2018 / Pertussis incidence in children under 1 year old and relation with maternal vaccination in Brazil, 2008-2018

Objetivo: Analisar o impacto da vacina adsorvida difteria, tétano e coqueluche (pertússis acelular), tipo adulto (dTpa), materna, na incidência de coqueluche em crianças menores de 1 ano no Brasil, de 2008 a 2018. Métodos: Estudo de tipo ecológico, descritivo de tendência temporal, utilizando-se de dados dos sistemas de vigilância do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (Datasus). Foram calculadas taxas de incidência e razão das taxas de incidência (IRR), com respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: O número de casos de coqueluche foi de 20.650. Houve redução na incidência de coqueluche no período pós-vacinal, de 26,6% (IRR = 0,73; IC95% 0,66;0,82) nas crianças de 3 meses a 1 ano incompleto, e de 63,6% (IRR = 0,36; IC95% 0,15;0,58) nas crianças de zero a 2 meses. Conclusão: O aumento da cobertura da vacinação com dTpa materna correspondeu à redução na incidência de coqueluche, principalmente na faixa etária de zero a 2 meses.

Objetivo: Analizar la incidencia de tos ferina en menores de 1 año y su relación con la cobertura de vacunación materna por la vacuna adsorbida contra la difteria, el tétanos y la tos ferina (tos ferina acelular) tipo adulto (dTpa), de 2008 a 2018, en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio ecológico descriptivo de tendencia temporal utilizando datos de los sistemas de vigilancia del Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (Datasus). Se calcularon los tasas de incidencia y las razones de tasas de incidencia (RTI) con los respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: El número de casos de tos ferina en el período de estudio fue de 20,650. Hubo una reducción en la incidencia de tos ferina en el período post-vacunación. En los niños de 3 meses a 1 año incompleto, la reducción fue del 26,6% (RTI = 0,73; IC95% 0,66;0,82), mientras que en el otro grupo la diferencia relativa fue del 63,6% (RTI = 0,36; IC95% 0,15;0,58)]. Conclusión: La vacunación materna con dTpa coincide con una reducción en la incidencia de tos ferina, especialmente en el grupo de edad de cero a 2 meses.

Objetive: To analyze the impact of maternal vaccination coverage with diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (Tdap) adsorbed vaccine for adults on pertussis incidence in children under 1 year old in Brazil from 2008 to 2018. Methods: This was a descriptive ecological temporal trend study using data from surveillance systems managed by the Brazilian National Health System Information Technology Department (DATASUS). Incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated with respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: There were 20,650 pertussis cases in the study period. In the post-vaccination period there was a 26.6% reduction (IRR = 0.73; 95%CI 0.66;0.82) in pertussis incidence among children aged from 3 months up to but not including 1 year old, and a 63.6% reduction (IRR = 0.36; 95%CI 0.15;0.58) among children from birth to 2 months old. Conclusion: The increase in maternal Tdap vaccination coverage coincided with a reduction in pertussis incidence, especially in the birth to two-month-old age group.

Hospitalização por coqueluche em crianças no período pré e pós-implantação da vacina dTpa para gestantes / Hospitalization due to pertussis in children in the pre- and post-implantation periods of the DTaP vaccine for pregnant women

Resumo Introdução A imunização da gestante parece proteger o bebê por meio da transferência passiva de anticorpos e ter um impacto na prevenção da doença em bebês que ainda não iniciaram a vacinação contra coqueluche. Objetivo Analisar o comportamento dos registros de hospitalizações por coqueluche em crianças menores de 1 ano de idade, conforme a cobertura da vacina dTpa para gestantes. Método Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de caráter observacional e quantitativo dos registros de hospitalizações por coqueluche, em crianças menores de 1 ano de idade, no Sul do Brasil, durante o período de 2007 a 2017. Os dados foram obtidos por meio do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar no DATASUS. Resultados No período analisado, foram registradas 342.139 hospitalizações por doenças respiratórias em crianças menores de 1 ano, sendo que 3.062 foram por coqueluche. No período pré-vacinal, a média anual foi de 102,2/100.000/ano e, no período pós-vacinal, foi de 46,8/100.000/ano, representando uma queda de 54,2% no número de registros, variando de 27,8/100.000/ano em 2007 a 139/100.000/ano em 2013, caindo para 47,9/100.000/ano em 2017. Conclusão Houve uma redução no número de registros de hospitalizações por coqueluche após a introdução da vacina dTpa, mesmo com uma cobertura vacinal abaixo de 50%.

Abstract Background Immunization of pregnant women seems to protect infants through passive antibody transfer, and have an impact on disease prevention in infants who have not yet started vaccination for pertussis. Objective Analyze the behavior of hospitalization records for pertussis in children under 1 year of age according to the coverage of the Diphtheria, Tetanus and acellular Pertussis (DTaP) vaccine for pregnant women. Methods This is an ecological, observational, quantitative study conducted with records of hospitalization due to pertussis in children under 1 year of age in southern Brazil from 2007 to 2017. Data were obtained from the hospital information system at DATASUS. Results In the analyzed period, 342.139 children aged ≤1 year were hospitalized as a result of respiratory diseases, and 3.062 of these hospitalizations were due to pertussis. In the pre-vaccination period, the annual average was 102.2/100,000 and, in the post-vaccination period, it was 46.8/100.000, representing a 54.2% decrease in the number of records, varying from 27.8/100.000/year in 2007 to 139.0/100.000/year in 2013, and reducing to 47.9/100.000/year in 2017. Conclusion There was a reduction in the number of hospitalizations due to pertussis after the introduction of the DTaP vaccine, even with vaccination coverage <50%.

Cambios epidemiológicos y actualidades sobre vacunación contra Bordetella pertussis en Latinoamérica / Epidemiologic changes and novelties on vaccination against Bordetella pertussis in Latin America

Resumen A pesar de que la tosferina (coqueluche) es una enfermedad prevenible por vacunas (EPV), la epidemiología latinoamericana muestra que hay persistencia de brotes en la región. Esta persistencia se debe, al menos en parte, a factores tales como la cobertura vacunal, la presencia de movimientos anti vacunas, la diversidad de los sistemas locales de vigilancia y la falta de una definición de caso unificada para la región. Dada la importancia de la tosferina en Latinoamérica y los cambios ocurridos en las recomendaciones para la vacunación, este manuscrito tiene como objetivo revisar los datos epidemiológicos y los cambios recientes en los calendarios de vacunación y su impacto sobre la enfermedad pediátrica por Bordetella pertussis en Latinoamérica. Los datos epidemiológicos más recientes muestran que entre regiones, países, y segmentos dentro de cada país hay heterogeneidad en la cobertura vacunal, con distintos rebrotes. Esfuerzos en la región han tratado de mejorar esta situación al introducir vacunas acelulares (aP), menos reactogénicas que las vacunas de células enteras (wP) en los calendarios vacunales. Además, algunos países han mejorado la definición de caso confirmado, al introducir la reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC) como criterio diagnóstico. En respuesta a las heterogeneidades de cada país y a la epidemiología actual de la región, un Comité de Expertos de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica (SLIPE) y la Asociación Latinoamericana de Pediatría (ALAPE) propone una definición unificada de caso y recomendaciones para mejorar la cobertura vacunal y reducir los brotes de tosferina en Latinoamérica.

Abstract Although whooping cough is a vaccine-preventable disease (VPD), its epidemiologic characteristics in Latin America shows persistence of outbreaks in the region. This persistence is due, at least in part, to the presence of antivaccine movements, the diversity of the surveillance systems, and the lack of a uniform case definition for the region. Given the importance of whooping cough in Latin America and the changes in vaccine recommendations, this manuscript aims to review epidemiologic data and recent changes in the vaccination calendars and their impact on the pediatric disease by Bordetella pertussis in Latin America. Recent epidemiological data reveal that between regions, countries, and administrative units within each country there is a marked heterogeneity of vaccine coverage, with different outbreak patterns. Efforts in the region have tried to improve this situation by introducing acellular pertussis vaccines (aP) in the vaccine calendars, which are less reactogenic than whole-cell pertussis vaccines (wP). Moreover, some countries have improved the case definition. Some countries have implemented a confirmed case definition by introducing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a diagnostic criterion. As a response to the heterogeneities observed within and between countries and the regional epidemiologic profiles, a Steering Committee from the Latin American Society for Pediatric Infectiology (SLIPE) and the Latin American Association of Pediatrics (ALAPE) propose a unified case definition and recommendations to improve vaccine coverage and reduce the outbreaks of whooping cough in Latin America.

Coqueluche na infância: revisão integrativa da doença / Pertussis in children: an integrative review / Tos ferina en la infancia: revisión integrativa de la enfermedad

Justificativa e Objetivos: Apesar dos esforços despendidos pelo Programa Nacional de Imunizações, a coqueluche é um agravo que ainda gera grandes preocupações para a saúde pública. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as evidências na literatura sobre coqueluche na infância que indicassem as práticas de assistência à saúde necessárias para sua prevenção, promoção e controle. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados LILACS, MedLine, PubMed, SciELO, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) utilizando os descritores Whooping Cough, Epidemiology, Vaccination. A revisão foi realizada em maio de 2020 e abrangeu a literatura disponível na íntegra, publicada em português, inglês ou espanhol, sem delimitação de ano. Resultados: Dentre os 1.248 artigos selecionados apenas nove foram analisados (a maioria norte-americana), dos quais 55% eram estudos realizados para prevenção de coqueluche. Quanto à autoria dos estudos, em 67% das publicações havia participação de um epidemiologista. Conclusão: Esta investigação mostra as evidências científicas sobre a coqueluche na infância, necessárias para prevenir, controlar, promover a assistência e definir o perfil epidemiológico desse agravo nessa população. Os resultados revelaram nível de evidência cinco, sugerindo que as pesquisas desenvolvidas na área não retratam fortes evidências.(AU)

Background and Objectives: Despite the efforts of the National Immunization Program, pertussis remains a serious health problem. Thus, this study described the evidence in the literature on pertussis during childhood, which elucidates the health-care practices necessary for prevention, promotion, and control of the disease. Methods: This is an integrative literature review conducted in the LILACS, MedLine, PubMed, SciELO, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases, using the following descriptors: "Whooping Cough", "Epidemiology", and "Vaccination". The search was restricted to humanities, in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, without year delimitation. The search was completed on May 2020, Results: in total, 1,248 articles were selected, of which only nine articles were analyzed, mostly from North America, and 55% of the analyzed studies were about preventing pertussis. Regarding the authorship of the studies, epidemiologists participated in 67% of the publications. Conclusion: This study presents the necessary scientific evidence on pertussis during childhood is necessary for prevention, control, promotion, and epidemiological profile of this disease in this population. The results revealed a level of evidence of five, suggesting that the research in this area does not show strong evidence.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: La tos ferina todavía es un grave problema de salud a pesar de los esfuerzos realizados por el Programa Nacional de Inmunización. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las evidencias científicas en la literatura sobre la tos ferina en la infancia que indican las prácticas de asistencia sanitaria necesarias a la prevención, promoción y control de la enfermedad. Métodos: Revisión integrativa de la literatura en las bases de datos LILACS, MedLine, PubMed, SciELO, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) utilizando las palabras clave: Whooping Cough, Epidemiology, Vaccination. Se llevó a cabo en mayo de 2020 la búsqueda de artículos publicados en portugués, inglés y español, disponibles en su totalidad y sin delimitación de año. Resultados: Se seleccionaron un total de 1.248 artículos, de los cuales solo se analizaron nueve, en su mayoría norteamericanos; el 55% de los estudios analizados fueron sobre la prevención de la tos ferina. Respecto de la autoría de los estudios, un epidemiólogo participó en el 67% de las publicaciones. Conclusiones: Esta investigación muestra evidencias científicas sobre la tos ferina en la infancia necesarias para la prevención, el control, la promoción de la asistencia y la definición del perfil epidemiológico de la enfermedad en esa población. Los resultados revelaron que el nivel de evidencia se remite a cinco, lo que sugiere que la investigación en el área no muestra evidencias sólidas.(AU)

Vacunación de la embarazada / Maternal immunization

Las vacunas han sido una de las herramientas más útiles para lograr disminuir la mortalidad infantil. Sin embargo, los beneficios de las vacunas para menores de un año son dispares, debido a que son muy pequeños para ser vacunados. Otro grupo vulnerable son las embarazadas, quienes presentan mayor morbimortalidad por enfermedades como la influenza. La inmunización materna puede proteger a la madre contra las infecciones prevenibles por vacuna y al recién nacido mediante el traspaso de anticuerpos específicos al feto. No hay evidencia de resultados adversos en el embarazo o el feto/recién nacido por la vacunación de mujeres gestantes con vacuna inactivada contra virus, bacterias o toxoides. Por lo tanto, el embarazo no debe impedir que las mujeres reciban las vacunas que están médicamente indicadas. En Chile, se recomienda la vacunación de las mujeres gestantes, antes o durante la temporada de influenza. A fines de 2017 se implementó la vacunación con dTpa de las embarazadas con más de 28 semanas de gestación, con el objetivo de proteger al recién nacido contra el coqueluche y sus complicaciones. En el presente artículo, se hace una revisión de la literatura disponible sobre la vacunación de las embarazadas, principalmente enfocado en inmunización contra la influenza, el coqueluche y los beneficios en sus hijos.

Vaccines have been one of the most useful tools to reduce infant mortality. However, the benefits of vaccines for children under one year are disparate, because they are too small to be vaccinated. Another vulnerable group are pregnant women, who have a higher morbidity and mortality due to diseases such as influenza. Maternal immunization can protect the mother against vaccine-preventable infections and the newborn by transferring specific antibodies to the fetus. There is no evidence of adverse outcomes in pregnancy or the fetus / newborn by vaccination of pregnant women with inactivated vaccine against viruses, bacteria or toxoids. Therefore, pregnancy should not prevent women from receiving vaccines that are medically indicated. In Chile, vaccination is recommended for pregnant women, before or during the influenza season. In addition to the end of 2017, vaccination with Tdap of pregnant women with more than 28 weeks of gestation was implemented, with the aim of protecting the newly born against pertussis and its complications. In this article, we review the available literature on the vaccination of pregnant women, mainly focused on immunization against influenza, pertussis and benefits in their children.

Episodio de hipotonía-hiporreactividad como evento supuestamente atribuido a la vacunación e inmunización. Reporte de un caso / Case study of a hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode from an alleged adverse effect following vaccination and immunization / Relato de caso de episódio hipotônico hiporresponsivo supostamente atribuído a um evento adverso pós-vacinação e imunização

Resumen: El desarrollo de la vacunación a nivel mundial ha permitido el control de algunas enfermedades infecciosas, constituyéndose en una poderosa herramienta de salud pública. Asimismo, se han identificado algunos efectos secundarios neurológicos, como el denominado episodio de hipotonía-hiporreactividad, evento supuestamente atribuido a la vacunación e inmunización. Si bien es poco frecuente, se considera un efecto adverso severo. El objetivo de este artículo es reportar un caso y revisar la literatura sobre el tema. Se presenta una lactante de 2 meses que luego de tres horas de recibir la primera dosis de la vacuna combinada pentavalente, presenta episodio de hipotonía con cianosis de segundos de duración. Este episodio se caracteriza por presentarse horas después de la administración de la vacuna con un inicio súbito de hipotonía generalizada, hiporreactividad y palidez cutánea o cianosis. El diagnóstico es de exclusión, ya que se presenta en lactante de aspecto grave. La mayoría de los episodios se han relacionado con el componente pertussis, ya sea celular o acelular. La vigilancia de los ESAVI es un pilar fundamental para desarrollar esquemas de vacunación eficaces y seguros para toda la población.

Summary: The global development of vaccines has enabled us to control some infectious diseases and has become a powerful public health tool. Despite this, vaccines have some neurological side effects, such as the so-called Hypotonic-Hyporesponsive Episode (HHE), an adverse event following vaccination and immunization (AEFI). Even though it is rare, it is considered to be a severe adverse effect. The objective of this article is to report about a HHE case and to review the literature on the subject. The case is of a 2-month-old infant who, after 3 hours of receiving the first dose of the combined pentavalent vaccine, developed a hypotonic episode with cyanosis of seconds of duration. HHE usually happens hours after the vaccine is administered and it shows a sudden onset of generalized hypotonia, hyporesponsiveness, pale skin or cyanosis. A diagnosis of exclusion was made, since the symptoms looked serious on the infant. Most episodes have been linked to cellular or acellular pertussis. It is essential to carry out AEFI surveillance in order to develop effective and safe vaccination schedules for the entire population.

Resumo: O desenvolvimento global de vacinas há permitido controlar algumas doenças infeccionas tornando-se uma poderosa ferramenta de saúde pública. Apesar disso, elas têm alguns efeitos colaterais neurológicos, como o chamado Episódio Hipotônico-Hiporresponsivo (EHH), um evento adverso pós-vacinação e imunização (EAPV). Embora seja raro, é considerado um efeito adverso grave. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar um caso de EHH e revisar a literatura sobre o assunto. O relato de caso é de uma criança de 2 meses de idade quem, após 3 horas de recebimento da primeira dose da vacina pentavalente combinada, desenvolveu um episódio hipotônico com cianose de segundos de duração. O EHH geralmente ocorre horas após a administração da vacina e mostra um início repentino de hipotonia generalizada, hiporresponsividade, pele pálida ou cianose. O diagnóstico foi de exclusão, pois os sintomas no bebê eram sérios. A maioria dos episódios foi associada à pertussis celular ou acelular. É essencial realizar a vigilância da EAPV para desenvolver cronogramas de vacinação eficazes e seguros para toda a população.

Maternity staff immunization coverage against pertussis and maternal vaccination practices: Results of a 2017 cross-sectional survey in five public maternity hospitals.

OBJECTIVES: To conduct an audit of vaccination practices against pertussis in maternity wards to assess immunization practices targeting women, knowledge and awareness among health professionals and their involvement in the vaccination process, and to estimate their vaccine coverage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 2017 cross-sectional descriptive survey using a data collection sheet of immunization practices targeting women and an anonymous questionnaire for health professionals whose vaccine coverage had been documented by the occupational health service. RESULTS: Five public maternity wards participated: one had a vaccination policy for women; 426 of 822 health professionals completed the questionnaire, 76% (from 50% of all residents to 83% of nurses) declared their vaccination status as up to date. Staff files in occupational health services showed that 69% of 822 health professionals received at least one vaccine booster during adulthood (57% less than 10 years before the survey); documented vaccination coverage rates ranged from 75% for residents to 91% for senior physicians. Occupational physicians and family physicians respectively performed 41% and 34% of vaccinations. While knowledge regarding vaccines was good, only 47% of health professionals declared prescribing them and 18% declared administering the anti-pertussis vaccine "often" or "very often". CONCLUSIONS: Updated data is needed to confirm the reported increase as participating centers are not representative of all birth centers. The active role of health professionals in vaccination-based pertussis prevention needs to be reinforced.

Ocorrência de eventos adversos após o uso da vacina adsorvida difteria, tétano e pertussis (acelular) - dTpa -, São Paulo, SP, 2015-2016 / Aparecimiento de eventos adversos después del uso de la vacuna adsorbida difteria, tétanos y tosferina (acelular) - dTpa -, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, 2015-2016 / Adverse event occurrence following use of tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis adsorbed vaccine - Tdap -, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 2015-2016

Objetivo: descrever a ocorrência de eventos adversos pós-vacinação (EAPV) com a vacina dTpa durante a gestação. Métodos: estudo descritivo, com dados de relatos das participantes de estudo de efetividade e imunogenicidade realizado em dois hospitais de São Paulo, SP, Brasil, entre 2015 e 2016. Resultados: das 201 mães incluídas no estudo, 48 (23,9%) apresentaram pelo menos um EAPV; foram identificados 60 sintomas relacionados ao uso da dTpa - dor (22,4%), inchaço (2,5%), febre (1,5%), sono (1,0%), vermelhidão (0,5%), vômito (0,5%), dor de cabeça (0,5%), reação local (0,5%) e cansaço (0,5%); não foram registrados eventos adversos raros, muito raros ou extremamente raros; todos os eventos foram considerados esperados e estão descritos em bula; todos tiveram desfecho para cura sem sequelas. Conclusão: a dTpa, na forma adotada pelo Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI), é segura; não foram identificados eventos adversos inesperados entre as gestantes imunizadas com a vacina.

Objetivo: describir el aparecimiento de eventos adversos posvacunación (EAPV) con la vacuna dTpa durante el embarazo. Métodos: estudio descriptivo con datos de relatos de las participantes del estudio de efectividad e inmunogenicidad realizado en dos hospitales de São Paulo, SP, Brasil, entre 2015 y 2106. Resultados: de las 201 madres del estudio, 48 (23,9%) tuvieron al menos un EAPV; se identificaron 60 síntomas relacionados al uso de dTpa - dolor (22.4%), hinchazón (2.5%), fiebre (1.5%), somnolencia (1.0%), enrojecimiento (0.5%), vómitos (0.5 %), dolor de cabeza (0.5%), reacción local (0.5%) y cansancio (0.5%) -; no se informaron eventos adversos raros, muy raros o extremadamente raros; todos los eventos se consideraron esperados y se describen en el prospecto; todos tuvieron resultados curativos sin secuelas. Conclusión: el estudio mostró que la vacuna dTpa utilizada por el Programa Nacional de Inmunización (PNI) es segura y no se identificaron eventos adversos inesperados entre las mujeres embarazadas vacunadas.

Objective: to describe occurrence of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with Tdap vaccine during pregnancy. Methods: this was a descriptive study using data from reports by participants in an effectiveness and immunogenicity study conducted in two hospitals in São Paulo, SP, Brazil, from 2015 to 2016. Results: of the 201 mothers included in the study, 48 (23.9%) had at least one AEFI; 60 symptoms related to Tdap use were identified - pain (22.4%), swelling (2.5%), fever (1.5%), somnolence (1.0%), redness (0.5%), vomiting (0.5%), headache (0.5%), local reaction (0.5%), and fatigue (0.5%); no rare, very rare, or extremely rare adverse events were reported; all events were considered to be expected, as they are described in the vaccine package insert; outcome of all events was recovery without sequelae. Conclusion: Tdap vaccine in the form adopted by the National Immunization Program is safe; no unexpected adverse events were identified among vaccinated pregnant women.

Adverse event occurrence following use of tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis adsorbed vaccine – Tdap –, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 2015-2016 / Ocorrência de eventos adversos após o uso da vacina adsorvida difteria, tétano e pertussis (acelular) – dTpa –, São Paulo, SP, 2015-2016 / Aparecimiento de eventos adversos después del uso de la vacuna adsorbida difteria, tétanos y tosferina (acelular) – dTpa –, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, 2015-2016

Objective: to describe occurrence of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with Tdap vaccine during pregnancy. Methods: this was a descriptive study using data from reports by participants in an effectiveness and immunogenicity study conducted in two hospitals in São Paulo, SP, Brazil, from 2015 to 2016. Results: of the 201 mothers included in the study, 48 (23.9%) had at least one AEFI; 60 symptoms related to Tdap use were identified – pain (22.4%), swelling (2.5%), fever (1.5%), somnolence (1.0%), redness (0.5%), vomiting (0.5%), headache (0.5%), local reaction (0.5%), and fatigue (0.5%); no rare, very rare, or extremely rare adverse events were reported; all events were considered to be expected, as they are described in the vaccine package insert; outcome of all events was recovery without sequelae. Conclusion: Tdap vaccine in the form adopted by the National Immunization Program is safe; no unexpected adverse events were identified among vaccinated pregnant women.

Objetivo: descrever a ocorrência de eventos adversos pós-vacinação (EAPV) com a vacina dTpa durante a gestação. Métodos: estudo descritivo, com dados de relatos das participantes de estudo de efetividade e imunogenicidade realizado em dois hospitais de São Paulo, SP, Brasil, entre 2015 e 2016. Resultados: das 201 mães incluídas no estudo, 48 (23,9%) apresentaram pelo menos um EAPV; foram identificados 60 sintomas relacionados ao uso da dTpa – dor (22,4%), inchaço (2,5%), febre (1,5%), sono (1,0%), vermelhidão (0,5%), vômito (0,5%), dor de cabeça (0,5%), reação local (0,5%) e cansaço (0,5%); não foram registrados eventos adversos raros, muito raros ou extremamente raros; todos os eventos foram considerados esperados e estão descritos em bula; todos tiveram desfecho para cura sem sequelas. Conclusão: a dTpa, na forma adotada pelo Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI), é segura; não foram identificados eventos adversos inesperados entre as gestantes imunizadas com a vacina.

Situação epidemiológica da coqueluche no Distrito Federal entre 2007 e 2016 / Epidemiological situation of pertussis in the Federal District between 2007 and 2016 / Situación epidemiológica de tos ferina en el Distrito Federal entre 2007 y 2016

Resumo A vigilância da coqueluche intensificou-se no Brasil com o aumento de casos a partir de 2012. Em 2015, a quantidade de notificações no Distrito Federal diminuiu, possivelmente devido à introdução da vacina adsorvida difteria, tétano e pertussis acelular para gestantes em novembro de 2014 no país. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, baseado na revisão das notificações compulsórias de coqueluche no Sistema de Notificação Nacional entre 2007 e 2016. Constatou-se que a doença atinge principalmente crianças menores de 1 ano com esquemas vacinais incompletos. A administração dessa vacina para gestantes mostrou-se importante ferramenta para proteger bebês menores de 6 meses.

Abstract Pertussis monitoring intensified in Brazil with the increase of cases since 2012. In 2015, the number of notifications in the Federal District decreased, possibly due to the introduction of diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis vaccine for pregnant women in November 2014 in the country. This is a descriptive study based on the review of compulsory pertussis reporting in the National Notification System between 2007 and 2016. It was found that the disease mainly affects children under one year of age with incomplete vaccination regimens. The administration of this vaccine to pregnant women has proved to be an important tool to protect babies under six months.

Resumen La vigilancia de la tos ferina se intensificó en Brasil con el aumento de casos a partir de 2012. En 2015, la cantidad de notificaciones en el Distrito Federal disminuyó, posiblemente debido a la introducción de la vacuna contra la difteria, el tétanos y la pertussis acelular para gestantes, en noviembre de 2014, en el país. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, basado en la revisión de las notificaciones obligatorias de tos ferina en el Sistema de Notificación Nacional, entre 2007 y 2016. Se constató que la enfermedad afecta principalmente a niños menores de 1 año con regímenes de vacunación incompletos. La administración de esta vacuna a mujeres embarazadas se mostró como una importante herramienta para proteger a los bebés menores de 6 meses.

Perfil epidemiológico dos atendimentos dos casos suspeitos de coqueluche em um hospital particular de Maceió no período de 2013 a 2017 / Epidemiological profile of the care of the suspect cases of coqueluche in a particular hospital of Maceió in the period from 2013 to 2017 / Perfil epidemiológico de los atendimentos de los casos suspensos de coqueluche en un hospital particular de Maceió en el período de 2013 a 2017

Justificativa e Objetivos: traçar o perfil do público-alvo acometido pela doença, possibilitando o rastreamento dos casos suspeitos, realizar identificação e estratificação dos casos e elaborar um perfil epidemiológico do atendimento no hospital para se obter um plano de contingência no fluxo de atendimento. Métodos: estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa no contexto de notificações. Para estudo epidemiológico foram utilizados os dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, o Sistema Gerenciador de Ambiente Laboratorial, Prontuário Eletrônico e Planilha dinâmica de controle interno. Os dados coletados foram distribuídos em uma planilha idealizada usando o programa de Excel, e os seus resultados foram expressos pela estatística descritiva e quantitativa em frequência absoluta. A busca pelos dados foi definida entre os anos de 2013 a 2017 para o agravo de notificação coqueluche, a partir de então foram estratificados os casos suspeitos e confirmados, por faixa etária, gênero e ocorrência de confirmação diagnóstica. Resultados: Foram notificados de janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2017, 48 casos de suspeitos de coqueluche, sendo que 2 (4,2%) casos foram confirmados. O número de casos suspeitos de coqueluche apresentou um número elevado no ano de 2014 nos meses de março e junho e nos anos seguintes foi percebida uma estabilização. Conclusão: foi observado um grande número de casos suspeitos sem investigação clínica, ou seja, sem a presença de exames laboratoriais para confirmar ou descartar esta patologia.(AU)

Background and Objectives: to define the profile of the target population affected by the disease, it is possible to trace the suspected cases, identify and stratify the cases and elaborate an epidemiological profile of the hospital care to obtain a contingency plan in the care flow. Methods: descriptive study, with quantitative approach in the context of notifications. For the epidemiological study, the data of the Information System of Notifiable Diseases, the Laboratory Management System, the Electronic Records System and the internal spreadsheet were used. The collected data were distributed in an idealized spreadsheet using the Excel program, and its results were expressed by the descriptive and quantitative statistics in absolute frequency. The search for the data was defined between the years of 2013 and 2017 for the pertussis report, from which the suspected and confirmed cases were stratified by age, gender, and the occurrence of diagnostic confirmation. Results: From January 2013 to December 2017, 48 suspected pertussis cases were reported, of which 2 (4.2%) cases were confirmed. The number of cases of whooping cough presented a high number in the year 2014 in the months of March and June and in the following years a stabilization was perceived. Conclusion: a large number of suspected cases were observed without clinical investigation, that is, without the presence of laboratory tests to confirm or rule out this pathology.(AU)

Justificaciones y objetivos: en el presente trabajo se analizaron los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de los resultados obtenidos en el estudio. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, con abordaje cuantitativo en el contexto de notificaciones. Para el estudio epidemiológico se utilizaron los datos del Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación, el Sistema Gestor de Ambiente Laboratorio, Prontuario Electrónico y Planilla dinámica de control interno. Los datos recolectados fueron distribuidos en una hoja de cálculo idealizada usando el programa de Excel, y sus resultados fueron expresados por la estadística descriptiva y cuantitativa en frecuencia absoluta. La búsqueda por los datos fue definida entre los años de 2013 a 2017 para el agravio de notificación coqueluche, a partir de entonces fueron estratificados los casos sospechosos y confirmados, por grupo de edad, género y ocurrencia de confirmación diagnóstica. Resultados: Se notificaron de enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2017, 48 casos de sospechas de tos ferina, siendo que 2 (4,2%) casos fueron confirmados. El número de casos de tos ferina presentó un número elevado en el año 2014 en los meses de marzo y junio y en los años siguientes se percibió una estabilización. Conclusión: se observó un gran número de casos sospechosos sin investigación clínica, es decir, sin la presencia de exámenes de laboratorio para confirmar o descartar esta patología.(AU)

[Vaccination During Pregnancy]. / Impfungen in der Schwangerschaft.

Vaccination During Pregnancy Abstract. Vaccinations administered to women during pregnancy can provide protection against serious infectious diseases for the mother, for the newborn, or both. Two vaccines are routinely recommended during pregnancy: Influenza and Pertussis. While the influenza vaccine protects mainly the pregnant mother, who is at an increased risk for severe affection, the pertussis vaccine is an effective protection to infants who are at particularly high risk of pertussis complications and mortality in the first three months of life.

Acceptance of pregnant women's vaccination against pertussis among French women and health professionals: PREVACOQ-1 and -2 studies.

OBJECTIVES: Protection of French young infants against pertussis only relies on their relatives' vaccination. The alternative is vaccination of pregnant women against pertussis (cocooning strategy), but this strategy is not yet recommended in France. We assessed the acceptance of this strategy among French postpartum women and health professionals. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a multicenter survey in 2016 among postpartum women and health professionals (family physicians, obstetricians-gynecologists, midwives, and medical students) to determine the acceptance of anti-pertussis vaccination. We evaluated knowledge, perception, and attitude towards vaccination to identify factors associated with acceptance. RESULTS: Questionnaires were completed by 52% (1208/2337) of women and 40% (694/1754) of health professionals. Seventy-seven per cent of women (95% CI: 74-79) and 93% of health professionals (95% CI: 91-95) were favorable to anti-pertussis vaccination of pregnant women. Thirty-three per cent (227/687) of health professionals believed that pertussis induced life-long immunity and 20% (136/687) of them were not aware of the cocooning strategy. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with acceptance among women were younger age, higher knowledge, having received advice during pregnancy, being vaccinated against influenza, and having never refused any vaccine; among health professionals, factors associated with acceptance were belief that inactivated vaccines are obstetrically safe, regular practice of influenza vaccination in pregnant women, pertussis cocooning strategy, and never prescribing preventive homeopathy for influenza. CONCLUSION: Vaccination of pregnant women against pertussis should be well-accepted by informed mothers and health professionals. If this strategy were to be implemented in France, efforts should be made towards adequate information.

[Alterations in responses to vaccines in older people]. / Altération des réponses vaccinales avec l'âge.

The aging population raises a number of public health issues including a need to address the severity and frequency of infections observed in older people. Vaccines play an important role in prevention. However, immunosenescence alters the intensity and quality of vaccine responses, thus limiting the impact of recommendations directed after 65 years for vaccination against flu, pneumococci, pertussis, tetanus and zoster. Immunosenescence, aggravated by co-morbidities, varies with age, becoming apparent after 60-65 years and more profound after 85 years. All stages of vaccine responses are affected by immunosenescence, from the innate immunity required to activate these responses to the induction of protective antibody responses and immune memory. Nevertheless, the capacity to develop new responses to primary vaccination is more affected than the ability to respond to recalls, although this is also impaired. Responses to vaccines are differentially altered depending on vaccine and age. Influenza vaccines are modestly immunogenic and several meta-analyses agree an estimate for efficacy of about 50% against virologically-proven flu and 40% against flu-related deaths. The anti-pneumococcal 23-valent non-conjugated vaccine does not induce memory while the 13-valent conjugated one does, but their efficacy are likely to be similar between 70 to 52% before 75 years. A sequential vaccination program with the 13-valent primo-vaccination followed by the 23-valent, recommended in immune-suppressed patients, is currently being studied in France. The waning of immunity to pertussis makes recalls necessary in the elderly who develop good antibody responses. Several research avenues are currently being pursued to try improve the degree of protection conferred by these vaccines in elderly.

Severe pertussis in childhood: update and controversy - systematic review / Coqueluche grave na infância: atualização e controvérsias - revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: Through a systematic review, this essay aimed at revising the concepts of severe pertussis, updating the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, antibiotic therapy and auxiliary therapeutic options for symptomatology and complications. Data sources: This review considered publications from the last 30years in the databases US National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Cochrane, Google Scholar, as well as protocols of the Ministry of Health and recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, related to childhood pertussis (whooping cough), with emphasis on its severe form. This research was based on keywords derived from the terms "pertussis", "azithromycin", "antitussives", "leukocyte reduction" in Portuguese and English. Duplicate studies and those with unavailable full-text were excluded. Data synthesis: Among 556 records found, 54 were selected for analysis. Pertussis, as a reemerging disease, has affected all age groups, evidencing the transient immunity conferred by infection and vaccination. Severe cases occur in neonates and infants, with secondary viral and bacterial complications and malignant pertussis, a longside hyperleukocytosis, respiratory failure and shock. Macrolides continue to be the chosen antibiotics, while antitussives for coughing remain without efficacy. The prompt treatment in Intensive Care Units improved the prognostic in severe cases, and transfusion was promising among procedures for leukoreduction. Conclusions: Approaching severe pertussis in childhood remains a challenge for diagnostic and therapy, as the available therapeutic options are still unsatisfactory. Strategies of prevention are expected to reduce the occurrence of severe cases, while new studies should confirm the role of auxiliary therapies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Rever os conceitos de coqueluche grave, atualizar epidemiologia, fisiopatologia e apresentação clínica, verificar as recomendações de antibioticoterapia e conhecer opções terapêuticas auxiliares na sintomatologia e complicações, por meio de revisão sistemática. Fontes de dados: Foram pesquisados trabalhos publicados nos últimos 30 anos nas bases US National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Cochrane e Google Scholar, bem como protocolos do Ministério da Saúde e recomendações do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, relacionados à coqueluche na infância, com ênfase na forma grave. Apesquisa baseou-se em palavras-chave derivadas dos termos "coqueluche", "azitromicina", "antitussígenos" e "redução de leucócitos", nos idiomas português e inglês. Foramexcluídos estudos em duplicata ou texto integral indisponíveis. Síntese dos dados: Dos 556 registros encontrados, foram selecionados 54 para análise. A coqueluche, como doença reemergente, tem acometido todas as faixas etárias, evidenciando a imunidade transitória conferida pela infecção e pela vacinação. Quadros graves ocorrem em neonatos e lactentes, com complicações virais e bacterianas secundárias e pertussis maligna, com hiperleucocitose, insuficiência respiratória e choque refratário. Os macrolídeos continuam como antibióticos de escolha. Os sintomáticos da tosse não demonstraram eficácia. O suporte precoce em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva melhorou o prognóstico dos casos graves e a exsanguineotransfusão se mostrou a mais promissora entre os procedimentos para leucorredução. Conclusões: A abordagem da coqueluche grave na infância segue como desafio diagnóstico e terapêutico. As opções terapêuticas disponíveis ainda são insatisfatórias. Espera-se que as estratégias de prevenção reduzam a ocorrência de casos graves e que novos estudos confirmem o papel das terapias adjuvantes.

Mecanismos efetores da resposta imune na infecção por Bordetella pertussis / Immune response effector mechanisms to Bordetella pertussis infection

A coqueluche é uma doença infecciosa aguda, transmissível, com predileção pelo trato respiratório, caracterizada por paroxismos de tosse seca e considerada uma importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade infantil. A resposta imunológica humoral e celular do hospedeiro promove a contenção da infecção, pois essas respostas se caracterizam como importantes linhas de defesa durante a infecção e colonização da bactéria. Dessa forma, esta revisão bibliográfica procurou descrever os mecanismos mais eficazes de resposta imune contra Bordetella pertussis e abordar os mecanismos de evasão utilizados pelo patógeno.

Pertussis is a transmissible infectious disease with a predilection for the respiratory tract characterized by paroxysms of dry cough. It is considered an important cause of child morbidity and mortality. The humoral and cellular immune responses of the host promote the containment of the infection, and these responses are characterized as important lines of defense during infection and colonization of the bacterium. Thus, this literature review sought to describe the most effective immune response mechanisms against Bordetella pertussis and to address the avoidance mechanisms used by the pathogen.

La no obligatoriedad de la vacunación y su potencial impacto en la epidemiología de coqueluche / Non-mandatory immunization and its potential impact on pertussis epidemiology

En este trabajo, se analizan cuantitativamente las consecuencias a corto plazo que tendría sobre coqueluche la sanción del Proyecto de Ley de Consentimiento Informado en Materia de Vacunación presentado en Argentina, en 2017, el cual contempla la no obligatoriedad de la aplicación de las vacunas del Calendario Nacional a los menores de edad. Se utiliza un modelo matemático para la transmisión de pertusis, desarrollado previamente en nuestro grupo. Se considera que la sola presentación del proyecto provoca una disminución en las coberturas por generar desconfianza sobre los beneficios del programa de vacunación. Asumiendo 5 % anual de reducción de las coberturas durante 4 años a partir de 2018, en el siguiente brote, los casos graves en menores del año se incrementarían en más del 100 % respecto del último brote, y se estiman 101 fallecidos. Con una reducción del 10 % anual por 4 años, el siguiente brote superaría al previo en más del 200 %, con 163 decesos.

In this study, we performed a quantitative analysis of the potential short-term consequences on pertussis of the draft bill on Informed Consent for Immunization proposed in Argentina in 2017, which considers a non-mandatory immunization schedule for minors. We used a mathematical model of pertussis transmission, which had been previously developed by our group. It is considered that the mere presentation of the project causes a reduction in coverage because it creates suspicion on the benefits of immunization. Assuming a 5 % annual reduction in coverage for 4 years as of 2018, in the next outbreak, severe cases in infants younger than 1 year will increase more than 100 % compared to the latest outbreak, with an estimated 101 deaths. With a 10 % annual reduction in the coverages for 4 years, the next outbreak would result in an increase of number of cases of more than 200 %, with 163 deaths.